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August 3, 2007
Serial ATA (SATA)

Serial ATA (SATA) is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a computer and storage devices (like hard disks or optical drives). The main benefits are thinner cable that let air cooling work more efficiently, faster transfers, ability to remove devices while operating (Hot swapping), and more reliable operation with tighter data integrity checks. It was designed as a successor to the legacy Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) standard, and is expected to eventually replace the older technology (retroactively renamed Parallel ATA or PATA). Serial ATA adapters and devices communicate over a high-speed serial link.

Here is the variants of SATA:
  1. SATA 1.5 Gbit/s
  2. First-generation SATA interfaces (also known as SATA/150 or (unofficially) as SATA 1) has actual uncoded transfer-rate at 1.2 Gbit/s or 150 MB/s. In actual operation, SATA/150 and PATA/133 are comparable in terms of their theoretical burst-throughput. However, newer SATA devices offer enhancements (such as native command queuing) to SATA's performance in a multitask environment. For comparison, modern desktop hard drives transfer data at a maximum of ~90 MB/s, which is well within the performance capabilities of even the older PATA/133 specification.
  3. SATA 3.0 Gbit/s
  4. On this version, a 3 Gbit/s signaling rate was added to the Physical layer (PHY layer), effectively doubling data throughput from 150 MB/s to 300 MB/s. SATA/300's transfer rate is expected to satisfy drive throughput requirements for some time, as the fastest desktop hard disks barely saturate a SATA/150 link. This is why a SATA data cable rated for 1.5 Gbit/s will currently handle second generation, SATA 3.0 Gbit/s sustained and burst data transfers without any loss of performance.
    About compatibility issue, SATA/300's autonegotiation sequence is designed to fallback to SATA/150 speed (1.5 Gbit/s rate) when in communication with such devices. In practice, some older SATA controllers do not properly implement SATA speed negotiation. Affected systems require user-intervention to manually set the SATA 3.0 Gbit/s peripherals to 1.5 Gbit/s mode, generally through the use of a jumper.
    The 3.0 Gbit/s specification has been very widely referred to as “Serial ATA II” (“SATA II”), contrary to the wishes of the Serial ATA standards organization that authored it. The official website notes that SATA II was in fact that organization's name at the time, the SATA 3.0 Gbit/s specification being only one of many that the former SATA II defined, and suggests that “SATA 3.0 Gbit/s” be used instead.
  5. SATA 6.0 Gbit/s
  6. SATA's roadmap includes plans for a 6.0 Gbit/s standard. In current PCs, SATA 3.0 Gbit/s already greatly exceeds the sustainable (non-burst) transfer rate of even the best hard disks. The 6.0 Gbit/s standard is right now useful in combination with port multipliers, which allow multiple drives to be connected to a single Serial ATA port, thus sharing the port's bandwidth with multiple drives. Solid-state drives such as RAM disks may also one day exploit the faster transfer rate.
  7. External SATA
  8. Standardized in mid-2004, eSATA defined separate cables, connectors, and revised electrical requirements for external applications :
    • Minimum transmit potential increased: Range is 500–600 mV instead of 400–600 mV.
    • Minimum receive potential decreased: Range is 240–600 mV instead of 325–600 mV.
    • Identical protocol and logical signaling (link/transport-layer and above), allowing native SATA devices to be deployed in external enclosures with minimal modification.
    • Maximum cable length of 2 m (USB and FireWire allow longer distances)
    Aimed at the consumer market, eSATA enters an external storage market already served by the USB and FireWire interfaces.
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15 Comments:
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